Lim college essay: September 2019

Monday, September 30, 2019

Ngo in Mauritius

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Into the World: The Story of Tom Brennan and Ort Essay

Both the novel The Story of Tom Brennan by J. C Burke and the film Forrest Gump by Robert Zemeckis explores the experiences various characters have that result in change and transition in realistic way. Both Burke and Zemeckis explore these experiences by using a variety of techniques, particularly flashbacks and many forms of imagery that relate to their fears, the way people deal with crisis and friendship in a in which the viewer can relate to them making it more realistic. In The Story of Tom Brennan, Burke explores the experiences many characters have that relate to fear and the various barriers in their lives that result in change and transition. Burke uses a metaphor when Tom describes his room as Ã¢â‚¬Ëœa caveÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ which strongly suggests the idea that as a result of his fear he changes by becoming isolated from everyone and finds it difficult to move into the world from past experiences. Burke uses an accumulation of negative memories from TomÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s perspective Ã¢â‚¬Ëœthe fear in FinÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s eyes, the empty stare of Luke, the way Nicole looked like she was sleepingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ to accentuate the negative experiences Tom has encountered and unsettle the viewer as well as to stress the difficulty he has in his transition in which the viewer can relate to. She also uses a flashback that was triggered from TomÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s memories to explore his past experiences of negative events on the night of the accident as well as create empathy in the viewer towards Tom. Likewise, in Forest Gump we are shown similar aspects of fear through the various experiences characters have had and how it results in the change and transition. In a similar sense to Burke, Zemekis uses a flashback to explore the negative experiences Jenny had as a child when she got harassed by her father. Like The Story of Tom Brennan, the flashback encourages a sense of empathy from the audience towards Jenny and explores her fear in a realistic way by allowing the viewer to connect their own fears with JennyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s and create tension in the audience. In the present, Zemekis uses an element of familiarity when there are a series of still shots taken of Jenny and her old house which draws a remembrance between the two. The house triggers the horrors of JennyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s childhood and suggests she finds it difficult to put away her past and move on due to her negative experiences as a child. The flashback is essential as it underlines the idea of fears causing change and effecting transition in a realistic way. Burke also explores the ways various characters deal with hardships in their lives that result in change and transition of the individual in a realistic way. The motif of black is used to symbolise the state of despair of the characters which is evident in the flashback when Tom says Ã¢â‚¬ËœI felt the darkness grow inside me. Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This effectively emphasises the negative experiences Tom had encountered in the past and shows how it contributed to his feelings of despair and a change in individual. Burke uses a metaphor in Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe St. Johns game was a hill, just another hill to climb in my journey; then life would plateau for a whileÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ to show a positive change in TomÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s attitude and to competently emphasise how Tom has learned to deal with difficult events due to his previous hardships, which is something many young people can link to their own lives. Burke uses listing to explore TomÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s previous experiences when he says Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhe taught me how to kick and pass, how to rise my eyebrow, how to ride a bikeÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ which develops a forgiving tone towards Daniel showing the change in Tom who previously felt despaired and distant from his brother due to his foolish and irresponsible act but now however developed and changed as a result of his positive response to his hardships. In a similar way, Zemeckis uses the same motif of black when there is a mid range shot to capture the negative change in JennyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s life when she is using illicit drugs with her frien ds. It effectively demonstrates how her experiences have made her act this way. In contrast when Forrest has to deal with JennyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s death, Zemekis uses a close up shot in a flashback on Forrest and his son to capture the close proximity of the two as well as to emphasise a positive change in Forrest. It also shows how ForrestÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s relationship with his son is built upon through this experience by learning to proceed with his transition as an individual. During The Story of Tom Brennan, Burke explores the various friendships certain characters have between each other and how they result in change and transition for the individuals in a way that the viewer can relate to. Through the use of symbolism when Tom gives a series of photographs to Daniel, it allows Burke to explore the relationship they have between each other in the past as well as to allude to the strong friendship they once had. Despite DanielÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s reckless behaviour, Tom learns to move forward in life nd to leave the past behind. When MattÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mother says Ã¢â‚¬ËœHow are you Tom? HowÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s it going? WeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ve been thinking of youÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ it develops an affectionate tone towards Tom which encourages a sense of relief. This is significant as it shows how TomÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s friend and family are becoming closer with Tom in order to help him move forward despite any shame his family may have caused. The motif of hills is used to symbolise the difficulties each charac ter goes through. This metaphor is shown when Brendan is jogging with Tom to show the strong friendship they have developed as well as to symbolise how Brendan helps Tom put away his past in order to move on into the world. In a similar way, Zemeckis uses the metaphor of a tree when Forrest says Ã¢â‚¬ËœJenny taught me how to climbÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ which is symbolic of the strong friendship they have developed from an experience and shows how Forrest is able to proceed with his transition in life due to the help of Jenny. In flashback, when Forrest is just a kid we are shown how Jenny encourages Forrest when Zemeckis uses as tracking shot to capture how Forrest tries to run away from the kids chasing him on bicycles. The use of a slow motion shot captures the symbolism of ForrestÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s leg braces breaking which stresses how Forrest has learned how to break past the things that are stopping him from moving forward in life from his transition due to the encouragement of his great friend Jenny. This is significant as it competently demonstrates to the viewer how breaking past the things that are stopping you from moving into the world can prove to be beneficial. In conclusion, Burke effectively explores the experiences humans have and shows how thy result in some sort of change or transition through the use of a variety of techniques such as flashbacks and many forms of imagery in a realistic way. Likewise, Zemeckis explores the experiences various characters have to demonstrate how they change and proceed with transition in their lives in a way in which viewers can relate to it.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 5

Business Ethics - Essay Example This case study aims to explain the ethically questionable behavior of sales representatives in the pharmaceutical industry. Medical Representatives of the Taiwanese pharmaceutical industry that deals in all kinds of biomedical medicines, and prescribed drugs have formed the sample of the study. Sales Representatives working at hospitals, and not pharmacies or clinics, were considered. 24 sales representatives are informed of the questionnaire, and then of the 16 scenarios, only one version was exposed to each respondent. In total, 328 respondents were analyzed (Hsu, Fang and Lee, 159). In this case study, the differences in the ethically questionable behavior are examined using four variables: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Frame PatternÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"Commission StructureÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"Behavior Control TypeÃ¢â‚¬ , and Ã¢â‚¬Å"Marketing Norm Perceptions.Ã¢â‚¬ The Medical Representatives are given a scenario, the background information, and the treatments. They now have to get into the characterÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s shoes, and arrive at a decision that if they were in that situation what they would have done. The background information given to them is as follows: In the pharmaceutical industry, sales personnel should invite clients to banquets in order to make the sales. The price should not exceed 3500 dollars in Taiwanese currency, but your client has chosen a restaurant that exceeds the bill of 3500 dollars in Taiwanese currency. The treatments are: (Hsu, Fang and Lee, 159). 1. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The sales representativeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s profits (have already reached/are only at) 50%, and the probability of (receiving/failing to receive) the clientÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s deal, which will achieve the quota, (will increase considerably/is minimal)Ã¢â‚¬ (Hsu, Fang and Lee. p. 159). 2. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The base salary of the sales representative is (600/400) thousand dollars. If he achieves the annual quota, a bonus of (200/400) thousand dollars will be awarded to him. The ratio of this award to his base salary is (only 33%/ 100%)Ã¢â‚¬ (Hsu,

Friday, September 27, 2019

Speculate on the presence of ObsessiveCompulsive Behavior in the Essay

Speculate on the presence of ObsessiveCompulsive Behavior in the personal makeup of two characters in Rocking Horse Winner - Essay Example This disorder is further divided into both obsessive behaviors and compulsive behaviors. Obsessions refer to the thought process, whether in the form of impulses or images, and compulsions refer to the consequent actions. A well-established set of diagnostic criteria define obsessions as repetitive, distressing, and continuous thoughts that are experienced and which cause a perceived need to behave in some way. An important point is that these worries and concerns go beyond normal, real-life concerns. More, attempts to suppress or to ignore these types of thoughts are frequent and often futile. The individual experiencing the obsession, in this type of disorder, is aware of the fact that the obsessions are emanating from the self rather than from external sources. Compulsions are the result of the obsessions; more specifically, compulsions are the acting out, either physically or mentally, of repetitive tasks. These tasks are performed in order to reduce the stress caused by the obse ssion or to prevent the occurrence of some feared event or situation. The important point is that these compulsions, these acts, are not logically related to the obsession and are excessive. In short, an obsessive-compulsive behavior is one in which obsessive thoughts cause compulsive acts which are not reasonable. This essay will evaluate two char... The important point is that these compulsions, these acts, are not logically related to the obsession and are excessive. In short, an obsessive-compulsive behavior is one in which obsessive thoughts cause compulsive acts which are not reasonable. This essay will evaluate two characters in the Rocking Horse Winner. This evaluation will seek to determine whether these two characters, Paul and Joan, can be said to suffer from an obsessive-compulsive disorder. This essay will argue that Paul's behavior, both in terms of his thoughts and actions, closely resembles obsessive-compulsive behavior; on the other hand, his sister, Joan, evidences some obsessive characteristics, but does not act out in the form of compulsions. As an initial matter, Paul, like the other children, is haunted by a voice. The voice is persistent and it continues throughout the story. The voice conveys one simple message. The house needs more money. This causes an extreme sort of anxiety for Paul. He hears this voice, he considers it very carefully, and he even consults his mother about the relationship of luck and money. The text explicitly uses the term "anxiety" on multiple occasions. The nature of this voice is significant. It is not simply a soft voice which intrudes infrequently before going dormant; quite the contrary, as the story develops the voice becomes louder and more demanding. Thus far, Paul displays the common characteristics of an obsession. There is a recurrent and persistent thought, the need for more money, and an impulse to find out whether he is lucky. These voices are clearly intrusive and Paul neglects other activities in order to attend to his rocking

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Integrated STEM Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Integrated STEM Education - Essay Example For the K-12 learners, it is evident that they require approaches that will increase their interest in the subjects. Through the integrated approach, the National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council (2014) point out that the learners will be more motivated and encouraged to design their own knowledge of the environment around them. It is, therefore, arguable to conclude that integrated approaches learners are more motivated to learn the STEM subjects. Successful integration of STEM has also seen the teachers be conversant with their roles in the classroom setting. The educators, as seen in the research conducted by National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council (2014), have played the role of encouraging the learners to continually solve problems that emanate from the STEM fields. It is expected that these approaches, will undoubtedly see an integrated STEM

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Policy and practice in the education of bilingual children Essay

Policy and practice in the education of bilingual children - Essay Example Educators must observe the following key principles in teaching foreign children. First, bilingualism is an asset instead of a liability for children who know more than one other language other than their mother tongue or primary language. Baker (2006) contends that evidence supports that there are cognitive and performance advantages in being bilingual over being monolingual. Another principle to be remembered by educators is that language learners should be kept cognitively challenged with the continuous provision of linguistic and contextual support. Lastly, the acquisition of another language should go hand in hand with the studentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s cognitive and academic development within the same school environment and the student would not need outside support. This implies that the school curriculum is already embedded with these language learning principles. School Observation One school was observed regarding its adherence to the policies set by the Ã¢â‚¬Å"Rationale for Planning fo r Children Learning English as an Additional LanguageÃ¢â‚¬ document as well as analyse its practices with theories on bilingual education. The school looked like a typical one when one enters it. No welcome procedures were observed nor signs around the school seen in relation to the cultural composition or languages of the students or teachers. However, towards the entrance of the main building, a bulletin board on Black History Month was on display. This was the only piece of evidence in the campus that showed recognition of another culture. As one enters the Year 1 Key Stage 1 classroom, the same generic ambience was observed. Children were grouped into various groups according to their ability levels. On the wall near the teacherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s desk is a list of pupilsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ literacy levels indicated with pictures of fruits. For example, the low ability group belonged to the grape group. The middle ability group belonged to the banana group and the high ability group belonged to th e apple group. The same was done with numeracy levels. However, these were represented by shapes. For example, the low ability levels for numeracy belonged to the triangle group, the middle ability level in the square group and the high ability level in the circle group. These groupings were for the mainstream students. The EAL learners and SEN learners belonged to another group. A special corner for learning another language featured pictures of different body parts with words in Spanish. For example, a picture of eyes with the Spanish word eyes, Ã¢â‚¬Å"OjosÃ¢â‚¬ underneath. Also, there were words displayed in Spanish and translated in English such as Ã¢â‚¬Å"Good morningÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"Good afternoonÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"HelloÃ¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"GoodbyeÃ¢â‚¬ and so forth. However, there were no EAL books nor books with any other language except English seen in the book corner. Other adornments on the walls include different pictures of childrenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s actions with the words indicating the actions such as good listening, eyes looking, lips closed, sitting with their legs crossed. These pictures represented good behaviour as indicated with a thumbs-up picture. For EAL students, such visual aids are graphic

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Informative speech of animals'(dogs) cushing syndrome Essay

Informative speech of animals'(dogs) cushing syndrome - Essay Example hich causes high levels of cortisone to appearÃ‚ in the blood.Ã‚ It is also called hypercortisolism, when referring to the human condition, and, as mentioned earlier, hyperadrenocorticism, when referring to the canine condition (CCS), andÃ‚ these two terms can be used interchangeably.Ã‚ The condition was named after an American surgeon and endocrinologist named Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) who first discovered the disease in 1932. Now, what is Cortisone? Cortisone, a steroid which is naturally-produced by the adrenal glands, is one of the essential hormones needed by the body. It functions primarily in carbohydrate metabolism. Now being manufactured artificially, Cortisone has been found useful as a drug to cure a number of ailments (Wikipedia,1). Although cortisone may have positive effects on the body like curing certain illnesses, having more than the recommended amount of cortisone can also be harmful. Cortisone is said to stop inflammation and therefore it also stops the healing process, that is, if normal amounts are exceeded. It is said that over-production of cortisone, may cause systemic illness Ã¢â‚¬â€œ in this particular case, for canines. Some symptoms of CCS in dogs are: excessive drinking and urination, increased appetite, having a Ã¢â‚¬Å"pot bellyÃ¢â‚¬ or abdominal distention, and loss of hair on the trunk. So when you see your pet panting and asking for more water, or always getting hungry and begging for food, do not disregard these tell-tale signs. Most dogs with CCS cannot be satisfied with the amount of fluids or food they take. They always get hungry and thirsty, and because their body cannot absorb what they take in, they usually urinate and defecate a lot. In the advanced stage, the dog usually gains weight, has a distended stomach, shows muscle weakness, and is lethargic. It is therefore imperative that a pet owner should know if his / her pet is not acting normally so that the disease may be treated at its early stage. Now that we have seen

Monday, September 23, 2019

The Legalization Of Marijuana for Medical Use Research Paper

The Legalization Of Marijuana for Medical Use - Research Paper Example As a matter of fact, marijuana is proven to enhance appetite and relieve nausea in cancer and AIDS patients. Many people use marijuana because they are suffering from certain diseases that have plagued their lives. Clearly, marijuana provides relief from pain, nauseua, and other symptoms that cannot be treated with conventional methods of medicine. Several Americans insist that marijuana for inhibition purposes also. Furthermore, this drug has very low dependence of addiction and side-effects. Most marijuana users also insist that they tend to develop tolerance to many of the effect that this substance offers. Users also refute the fact that this drug is more dangerous than alcohol and tobacco. The second critical reason why marijuana should be legalized is the fact that maintaining marijuana out of society is expensive due to its illegal nature. Keeping marijuana illegal is expensive because it induces authorities to be in constant search of funding. In the United States, the government has gone on this myriad against Ã¢â‚¬Å"War on Drugs.Ã¢â‚¬ Currently, the US government spends a hefty amount of money to choose individuals who are regular marijuana users regardless of their need and want. These individuals get thrown in the prisons on a daily basis. Undoubtedly, these same funds can be allocated to pursue education, Medicare, social security and national defense. In an ideal world in which marijuana would be legal, the federal government would be able to impose taxes on it. Furthermore, it would have extra revenue that it could allocate for essential drug education program. It is evident that there is no solid evidence that prohibition of the drug will force society to diminish its use. Additionally, marijuana is widely available in schools as dealers understand that no set age limit is enacted. Seen as the Ã¢â‚¬Å"forbidden fruitÃ¢â‚¬ by many teenagers, the drug continues to attract students to relieve their stress. The

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Hydrogen Peroxide and iodine ions Essay Example for Free

Hydrogen Peroxide and iodine ions Essay The reason for the blue-black complex is due to the formation of polyiodide chains during the reaction between starch and iodine. The amylose in starch forms helices with which the iodine molecules align, causing a transfer of charge. This charge transfer corresponds to the absorption spectrum, in which the blue-black colour is the complementary colour. The details of this reaction are not fully known yet. The strength and deepness of the colour is dependent on the amount of amylose present. 3The rate of the reaction can be explained by the collision theory, which shows that the rate can be altered by4: concentrations, pressure, temperature, intensity of radiation, particle size, surface area and a catalyst. In this experiment I will be looking at concentrations, temperatures and the affect of a catalyst. The collision theory also states a reaction will only take place if threeconditions are met: 1. Reactant particles collide with each other The reactant particles must collide with the correct orientation. 3. The collision must provide enough energy to overcome the activation energy. 2This is due to the fact, if particles collide but are not orientated correctly the molecules will just bounce of each other, this is often due to charge of the molecules which causes repulsion if the orientation is incorrect. If particles collide with the correct orientation, they must collide with a minimum energy otherwise they will just bounce of each other. The activation energy is used to break some of the original bonds, which is essential for a reaction to occur. The activation energy is this minimum energy and can be shown on an energy profile. We can see from the below graphs how in an endothermic reaction the energy of the reactants is lower than the energy of the products, this is why it absorbs heat. Whereas an exothermic reaction will give out heat as the reactants have a higher energy than the products. 2The activation energy can be marked on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution refers directly to gases, however the principles can be taken and applied to liquid reactions also. 5The area underneath the curve represents the different particles and their level of energy. Only the particles that have energy higher than the activation energy will undergo a reaction. We can see that the kinetic energy of a molecule can never be zero, but theoretically can be ever increasing, as there is no defined maximum energy value. You can then change the shape of the curve or move the activation energy in order to increase the number of collisions that overcome the activation enthalpy. Changing certain variables can do this, which is what will be done in this experiment. 6 7 The first variable I will be varying is concentration of the different reactants; I will be using 5 different concentrations for each reactant. Increasing the concentration of a reactant means that there are a higher proportion of particles per unit volume. This then causes the rate of reaction to increase because particles have a higher chance of collidingÃ‚ with sufficient kinetic energy to cause a reaction. 8By varying the concentration of each reactant it allows me to calculate the order of the reaction, by investigating their effects. By finding the order I can then calculate the rate constant and rate equation. As shown above the majority if the percentage errors are minimal, however we can see the largest error was that of the colourimeter which came to 7.14%. Unfortunately there is little that can be done to prevent this, as the reading is so small. I ensured the same colourimeter was used each time, to eliminate as much error as possible. In replacement of the thermometer, a digital thermometer could be used to gain a more accurate reading of the temperature, as the precision error for it is Ã‚ ±0.05Ã‚ °C. Other than this the equipment used was well chosen as it gave the smallest amount of error possible. The investigation was accurate as most of the percentage errors are very low and mostly insignificant. Other errors are likely to be that the room temperature varied between 19 and 23 degrees C, throughout the experiment on a day-to-day basis, a factor out of my control, therefore this would have affected the rate constant. To reduce this error and improve the experiment, each experiment could be done in a thermostatically controlled water bath. After looking at the published data of the activation enthalpy for a non catalysed, I can see my experiment is reliable as the value I got was only 5.794 KJ mol-1 off the actual activation enthalpy, however in orderÃ‚ to be able to fully justify my findings I would need to repeat each experiment numerous times, a minimum of three, to then allow me to calculate an average and to disregard any anomalous data. As each experiment was only conducted once, it could be that all the data is anomalous. By using two different methods at looking at how concentration affects the rate of reaction, my results are more reliable as both methods back each other up. To improve this aspect of the investigation I would use more and a wider variety of concentrations of each reactant, during the colourimetery, as only two concentrations of each were used. The main reason for this was the time allocated to this aspect of the investigation, as each run of colourimetery took around 25 minutes. To improve and investigate further into this experiment I would create a calibrate curve through the colourimeter by making up solutions of the coloured substance of known concentration, then measuring the absorbance of each, ensuring to use the same conditions as the experiment will be done as. The graph of absorbance against concentration will give your calibration curve. This would then allow me to see how much iodine was produced at each stage of the reaction. Allowing me to closely monitor the rate of reaction. A limitation of my experiment would be the catalysed experiment; due to the fact the reaction occurred so rapidly. The human reaction time is only accurate to 0.5 seconds, and in some cases the reaction took only 3 seconds, meaning the percentage error is 16.7%. To look into this particular catalyst further, I would dissolve the catalyst and dilute it to lower the concentration; this may give a longer time period before the blue-black complex forms. You would also be able to investigate if the concentration of catalyst changed the rate of reaction. Another potential way to improve this would be to investigate how different catalysts may affect the reaction and to what extent do they lower the activation enthalpy. A catalyst that could be tried would be ammonium iron sulphate, using the iron (III) ions to catalyse the reaction. Another limitation of the experiment that would have reduced the accuracy would be the fact the blue-black complex forms gradually, therefore it subject able as to when to stop the stopwatch. In order to reduce this error a black cross was marked and the experiment was stopped once the black cross could no loner be seen. However whilst conducting the temperature experiments the reaction was done in test tubes and no cross could be used, to minimise the error the stop clock was stopped immediately at the first sign of the blue-black complex. The final main limitation would be that the conical flask was swirled in order to mix the two solutions. Although best efforts were made to ensure the solutions were swirled evenly in each experiment, it is difficult to control. An improvement would be to use a magnetic stirrer, set at the same speed to ensure the same kinetic energy throughout the solutions, ensuring this did not affect the reaction. As found in the Nuffield Book of Data, I can see that the order of the reaction with respect to H+ ions is dependent on the concentration. To further my investigation it would be interesting to look further into how the concentration of sulphuric acid may cause the order to be either 1 or 0 with respect to the H+ ions. I could then look at the point at which it changed from being zero order to first order. It would then be interesting to see how this affected the activation enthalpy of the experiment. I can conclude my results are accurate and reliable, due to the fact the equipment was chosen with low precision errors and any errors given were too small to have a large impact. This can be backed up by the published data found in the Nuffield Book of Data.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Robert Frosts Ã¢â‚¬Å“Mending WallÃ¢â‚¬Â Essay Example for Free

Robert Frosts Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mending WallÃ¢â‚¬ Essay The Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mending WallÃ¢â‚¬ by Robert Frost is forty five lines long and is structured into a single paragraph verse. There are no stanzas and visually looks like and metaphorical represents a wall. Frosts writes this poem in first person with the use of Ã¢â‚¬Å"IÃ¢â‚¬ which makes the poem narrative Ã¢â‚¬â€œ as if the narrator is speaking directly to the reader. The intimate conversation happening between the narrator and the reader is further supported by the use of presence tense in the text of the poem and the casual speech of the narrator. The Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mending WallÃ¢â‚¬ is literally about a physical wall that lies between his far and his neighbors farm. The narrator walks along the decaying wall describing in detail the nature and structure of the wall. He often compares the wall to himself and his neighbor. The narrator ponders again and again Ã¢â‚¬Å"what makes good neighborsÃ¢â‚¬ . The narrator plays with the idea that perhaps the wall between their farms is the key to a great relationship. This implies that for people to maintain a safe and proper relationship they must be isolate from each other. Through the use of vivid imagery Frost explores how people relate to each other and suffer through isolation. The central image in the Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mending WallÃ¢â‚¬ is the wall itself. As the wall decays, the narrator and his neighbor repair, which maintains their relationship. However, the wall is also used by Frost as an symbol. The wall symbolism the metaphoric wall which human build to keep themselves safe and other out. Frost asserts that Ã¢â‚¬Å"There were it is we do not need the wallÃ¢â‚¬ (23) implying that while emotional wall exists, they are not needed. He believes that Ã¢â‚¬Å"something there is that doesnt love a wallÃ¢â‚¬ (1). Narrator cleverly explores that idea that if people were truthful with themselves they would have to confess they do not like the wall which separates one life from another. Perhaps this is the reason for the falling stones and the constant decay of the wall over time. Frost has the unique ability to bring together metaphysical thought and the beautiful New England landscape in rhyming text. There are several minor images within the poem which add to the mood and tone of the poem. The setting of the poem is springtime and can be seen in Ã¢â‚¬Å"frozen ground swellÃ¢â‚¬ (2), Ã¢â‚¬Å"spring mending timeÃ¢â‚¬ (11), Ã¢â‚¬Å"in the sunÃ¢â‚¬ (3), and Ã¢â‚¬Å"spring is the mischief in meÃ¢â‚¬ (28). Spring is the time when life begins anew and there is great hope for the future. Frost, through the use of imagery, explores the theme of human isolation and asserts that Ã¢â‚¬Å"wallsÃ¢â‚¬ , emotional or physical, need not exist. That Ã¢â‚¬Å"somethingÃ¢â‚¬ in the universe hates these walls and actively works to destroy them which is why the physical wall in the poem is in need of constant repair. Through the narrators casual speech, Frost advices the reader that perhaps he or she should take into consideration the subtle hints and let the walls between human souls be destroyed. Work Cited Frost, Robert. The Mending Wall Literature and the Writing Process. Comp. Elizabeth McHahan. New York: Prentice-Hall , 2005. 449.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Analysis of Public Health Budgetary Construction

Analysis of Public Health Budgetary Construction Andrea Andersen, Brett Weed, Ashini Fernando, Carolyn Moore,Ã‚ Laura Schultz and David Garcia Introduction The public health system is comprised of complex layers of federal, state and local powers that come together to address the needs of many. The programs, organizations and clinics that serve these needs require support at all levels and are often subject to inadequate and unpredictable funding, varied infrastructure and shifting priorities. These factors require a combination of greater cohesiveness across all levels and a higher creativity in allocation of funding. We propose a Community Health Improvement Plan (CHIP) plan that will support evidence-based population health solutions by allocating resources to specific needs and better reaching those in every sect of the population. Nature of Public Health Funding Federal funding to state and local public health departments takes a number of different forms. As pointed out in Ogden et al, the average state public health agency receives 49% of its funding for federal grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements. This is much higher than the 25% of total expenditures supported by federal grants, making public health uniquely subject to federal sway (Ogden, 2012). The two major federal funding streams can be classified as those which are statutorily mandated, and those, which are derived from discretionary funds (Ogden, Sellers, Sammartino, Buehler Bernet, 2007; Ogden, 2012).Mandatory funding supports health service delivery programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid and represent 88% of the budget of the US Department of Health and Human Services (Ogden et al, 2007). This route serves to ensure that medical care is available across the country, and to some extent independent of the fiscal health of the state or local authority and their ability to fund care. Discretionary funding on the other hand, is awarded by the choosing of the federal agency (within the confines of congressional budget authorizations) and can either be formula-driven or competitive. Among the mechanisms for disbursing discretionary funds are cooperative agreements, grants, contracts, and partnership agreements. Some federal funds are awarded to states and localities for the express purpose of further distribution to smaller subunits of governments or charitable or private contractors (US Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], n.d.). These awards can further the program or policy objectives of the issuing agency by promoting adjustments in state and local programs to match funding opportunities (Ogden, 2012). Inefficiencies and Risks in Current Funding Models The current system of funding public health care in the United States is unsustainable because of major systemic fiscal problems. These issues include but are not limited to lack of accounting uniformity and transparency, along with a disproportionate appropriation of funds for medical interventions versus social determinants of health. AsTeutsch et al. points out, medical interventions shape only 10-20% of health outcomes but account for 97% of health spending (Teutsch et al., 2012).). A study of health spending in Florida for the years 2005-2006 as dedicated to each essential public health service found that 69% of the aggregate budget was allocated to access and delivery of health care (Turnock 2012). Although this percentage may vary some across states, it is not uncommon for immediate services like number of health care facilities in a certain area, or treatment given to be primary concerns. Inadequacy of Taxation as a Fiscal Solution It may appear that there is an obvious case for a tax to appropriate more funds to social determinants.Taxation strategies can range from charges on consumer products to health care related fees and can have negative consequences ranging from economic unrest to increased insurance costs. The medical device excise tax for example, originally passed as a part of the Affordable Care Act was intended to generate funds to help offset the cost of providing health insurance subsidies (Lee, 2014). Over its first two quarters in effect, however, it has brought in less than anticipated and is also squarely in the crosshairs of the upcoming Congress to repeal (Schouten, 2014). These changes emphasize the gaps in current strategies and the need for increased change.Ã‚ Unpredictability in Current Funding Structures The variability that exists in funding services as well as actual care given from place to place throughout the country leads to a greater need for balanced administration and infrastructure. In a 2011 report the federal funding spent on both prevention and general health improvement in communities ranged from $14.20 per capita in Ohio to $51.98 in Alaska and state funding exhibited an even greater gap with $3.45 allocated to each Nevadan and almost $155.00 to each Hawaiian (The Fund for AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Health [TFAH], 2012). Rural and urban areas also differ in their needs and in a recent report highlighting this coming years health allocations, cuts are being made to the workforce pipeline in these and other disadvantaged areas (Parker, 2014). There needs to be greater transparency in how money is used within departments, especially when states are running on extremely tight budgets. Reduced funding can cause the transfer of prevention funds to other areas, such as administration, that is not as population-based and can, in turn, lead to poorer health outcomes in the long run. Federal Role in State and Local Health Funding The federal government supplies states with much needed stimulus that adds to the general health services provided and the overall workforce that delivers them. This greater influx of money also gives communities the flexibility to target special problems and needs and develop programs that are specific to individual population features. In addition it guarantees that there is a minimum level of care provided in any given area and a certain level of continuity among the services available. Federal backing also increases the propensity for collaboration among different sects both at the national and local level (Ogden, 2012). Overall, most states donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t have the financial means to implement public health initiatives independently and knowing that greater funds can bring both greater health outcomes and economic stability to their populations is always a positive force. Consequences of Inadequate or Inefficient Funding The risks of insufficient funding and misallocated resources are many and have the greatest influence on individuals that rely solely on public assistance for their health care. Cuts in services greatly reduce the scope and quality of care that individuals receive and when funds are misallocated, confidence is highly reduced in the quality of care. Further, the productivity of programs can greatly suffer from lacking funds and the number of individuals that can be served is also greatly reduced. Reduction of services in general can lead to sicker and less productive people and communities, and this also increases the overall bottom line in health care spending. The greatest concern within this system is a lack of guaranteed support and with varying amounts from year to year a higher burden is a significant risk in rural areas where both infrastructure and community resources are already scarce (Ogden et al., 2007). Generally, these areas do get higher funding per capita, but state health departments still find it difficult to balance both the priorities of small, often sicker populations with the communities and resources needed statewide. This is especially true when more money does not necessarily translate to better outcomes. In addition, it is problematic for local health departments to both plan for the future and provide the new programs necessary to combat the most prominent chronic conditions Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2013). The dedication to treatment and prevention must always be balanced with the assessment, policy development and assurance, which are also costly and a requirement of further funding (IOM, 2013). The various le vels of government also make it difficult to have both cohesive goals and policies that will reach those they are intended to, and as Ogden mentions, this type of American federalism makes for constantly shifting priorities by the powers that be (Ogden, 2012). Therefore, both the effectiveness and efficiency of such efforts can suffer and leave last yearÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s needs unresolved if something more pressing comes up. This can sometimes lead to Ã¢â‚¬Å"piecemeal healthcareÃ¢â‚¬ and an understating of preventive services. But, while funding is a large issue, there are several other key changes that must be made to the public health system in order for it to function properly and best serve the individuals that utilize it. Conceptualizing a New Funding Strategy To address the systemic risks of the current construction of public health funding streams, we propose a redesign that emphasizes transparency and strategic planning. As discussed above, a variety of factors from changing political landscapes to disparate funding formulas create disparities in public health funding among state and local peers. Allocating funding based on empirically proven health needs rather than arbitrary policy preferences will allow agencies to direct funding to the most significant challenges to the communityÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s health. Similar to the planning necessary prior to the development of a new initiative, a comprehensive needs assessment of the population should be performed (Brownson, Baker, Leet, Gillespie, True, 2003). We propose realigning federal funding of states and state funding of local units to the priorities identified in a CHIP. A CHIP will identify the most critical priorities for a community, which would presumably also be the priorities for funding support (National Association of City and County Health Officials [NACCHO], 2014). Further, as CHIPs require stakeholder cooperation and input (Minnesota Department of Health [MDH], n.d.), they naturally promote transparency and public participation in budget allocation. Lastly, this model permits flexibility to address each communityÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s unique needs, rather than fixed priorities dictated by others. For example, one community may emphasize spending on injury prevention while another may find it needs to invest most heavily in infectious dis ease control. This allows localities to seek the greatest return on investment in the public health space according to its needs. After the communityÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s specific CHIP-based plan has been implemented, quantifiable performance measures will disclose health improvement data to administrators, business and nonprofit partners, and community stakeholders. This data will emphasize Ã¢â‚¬Å"best practiceÃ¢â‚¬ models for future decision-making (Turnock 2012, pp 242-3). In order to share economic impact data, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists models of economic analysis to quantify the budgetary impact of public health interventions. The Ã¢â‚¬Å"economic evaluationÃ¢â‚¬ model allows for the comparison of more than one identified intervention derived from the CHIP analysis. This tool provides cost effectiveness and cost benefit information which will be critical for assessing budgetary feasibility and future public health program implementation. In the quest for trans parency, accuracy and concision, it would be worth investigating the cost of health economist consultation in preparing this analysis (CDC.gov). Conclusion Despite the extensive discussion of the futility of improving public health funding, significant opportunities do exist to improve the efficiency of spending to achieve better health outcomes for the same dollar figure. We have proposed a system that aligns efforts to critically assess public health program management with funding allocation. We believe this model would improve community buy-in, enhance transparency, and most importantly, advance population health indicators. References Brownson, R., Baker, E., Leet, T., Gillespie, K., True, W. (2010). The need for evidence based public health. InEvidence-based pubic health(2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Institute of Medicine. (2012). Funding sources and Structures to Build Public Health. InFor the publics health investing in a healthier future(pp. 101-126). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Investing in Americas Health. (2012, March 1). Retrieved from http://healthyamericans.org/report/94/. Lee, M. (2014, November 21). Has the medical device tax shipped jobs overseas and stunted innovation? Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/wp/2014/11/21/has-the-medical-device-tax-shipped-jobs-overseas-and-stunted-innovation/. Medical Device Excise Tax: Frequently Asked Questions. (2014, February 3). Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/uac/Medical-Device-Excise-Tax:-Frequently-Asked-Questions. Minnesota Department of Health. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/opi/pm/lphap/chip/. National Association of City and County Health Officials (NACCHO). (2014). Accreditation Prerequisite: Community Health Improvement Plan. Retrieved from http://www.naccho.org/topics/infrastructure/accreditation/chip.cfmhttp://www.naccho.org/topics/infrastructure/accreditation/chip.cfm. Ogden L., Sellers K., Sammartino C., Buehler J. Bernet P. (2007). Funding Formulas for Public Health Allocation: Federal and State Strategies. Journal of Public Health Management Practice. 13(2): 309-316. Ogden, L. (2012). How Federalism Shapes Public Health Financing, Policy, and Program Options.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,18(4), 317-322. Parker, C. (2014, January 1). 2015 budget proposal leaves gaps in public health funding: Programs face cuts. Retrieved from http://thenationshealth.aphapublications.org/content/44/4/1.2.full. Schouten, F. (2014, November 14). Device industry poised for gains in new Congress. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/11/14/lobbying-medical-device-tax-repeal-mitch-mcconnell/18988427/. Teutsch, S., Baciu, A., Mays, G., Getzen, T., Hansen, M., Geller, A. (2012). Wiser Investment for a Healthier Future.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,18(4), 295-298. Turnock, B. (2012).Public health: What it is and how it works(5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (n.d). FAQs: What kinds of grants are available from the federal government? Retrieved fromhttp://www.hhs.gov/answers/contracts-grants/grants/kind-grants-available.html.h.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Essay --

Technology and People Technology has created a world of its own covering all the old traditions and machines. This technology has made remarkable changes in the human life by making it more and more comfortable and in other words paralyzing the human body except brain. All over the world, computers and computerized machines are performing the tasks and human are only their users or programmers. Tradeoff is a somehow a term used normally at business level. Its original meaning can be exchange, substitute or transaction. It means that tradeoffs have made many differences in many fields. Now, the manual labor has been exchanged by the computerized systems. And the locomotion was done on or through animals in the past; fashionably designed cars have substituted them. Aero planes, helicopters and large ships now substitute big animals like camels that were used to travel between different countries. So, tradeoff is basically used for substitution of anything, in other words, the substitu tion of manual work into technological work. Here we will discuss the two major technologies that have changed a lot of things and the way of living. Computers (Positive consequences) Computers and computerized technology have brought a revolution in the world. It has made our world a global village by interconnecting all of us together through Internet. There seems to be no difference between America and Asia or Europe and Africa now. Since 1980, a huge variation is seen in the different fields of life. These changes can be identified from daily life activities to big projects. Of course, these new developments have also opened many new ways for people to get into work. For example, we have now laundry systems, home delivery systems, letter writi... ...ch use of labors is left. The work that has been done by 10 workers before can only be handled by a single machine and with perfection. Day by day, new advancements are made thus by making the use of a man more and more less. People can get everything now by Internet or just by making phone call. A truck can take a large amount of material at a time and it can be loaded and unloaded by using lifting machines. Similarly, the planes have made the transportation fast and flawless and the use of labor is also decreased there. Conclusion In end, I would like to say that Ã¢â‚¬ËœTo gain something is to lose somethingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢, we now have advance life level with lots of comforts but we also have serious health problems that running side by side. But itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s in our hands and we can stop the negative affects if there are given serious thoughts as most important are the humans not machines.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

The Handmaids Tale - Social Situation :: Handmaids Tale Essays

The Handmaids Tale - Social Situation Margaret Atwood's novel The Handmaids Tale belongs to the genre of anti-utopian (dystopian) science fiction where we read about a woman's fictive autobiography of a nightmarish United States at the end of the twentieth century when democratic institutions have been violently overthrown and replaced by the new fundamentalist republic of Gilead. In the novel the majority of the population are suppressed by using a "Bible-based" religion as an excuse for the suppression. How does this work and why can the girls, the so called Handmaids, be considered the victims of society? Also, in what way does Gilead use biblical allusions? That is some of the questions this essay will give answers for. To begin with the so called Handmaids are girls who have only one purpose in life which is to reproduce. They are women who when have reached the age and maturity to reproduce have been taken to Gilead where they are tattooed with four digits and an eye (Gilead's tattoo which works as a passport in reverse) which immobilises them, in contrast to the winged male eye which is the state symbol. Then they are re-educated at the so called Red-centre, the name emphasises female sexuality and how they are taught there can be linked with brainwashing. They are told how lucky they should feel because they have been saved from the primitive and cruel outside world where women are being raped and maltreated. Other things they learn are numerous sayings and mottos of the Red-centre like "Pen is Envy" which is based on a Freudian psychoanalytic theory which presents "penis envy" as an essential element of femininity, and a mark of "woman's natural inferiority to men". So knowing this, are they actually better of in Gilead? There they are "valued only in terms of their biological usefulness as child bearers" due to that the birth rate in the society has fallen to a catastrophically low level because of deadly pollution and sexually transmitted diseases which cause sterility and infertility. They are known by their Commanders first names, Of -(name of commander), this to underline their function as sexual objects without individuality. Moreover, apart from being deprived their own names Handmaids are also deprived legal rights.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Examining Musculoskeletal Injuries Health And Social Care Essay

Fractures or ligament hurts frequently require immobilisation for effectual healing. Subsequently, uninjured tissues for case ; sinews and joint capsules ( i.e. connective tissue ) undergo unfavorable alterations as a consequence of the forced deficiency of motion ( Loitz et al 1988 ) . As stated by ( Houglum 2005 ) Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mobility of the musculoskeletal system is determined by the composing of connective tissue and the orientation of assorted soft tissue constructions Ã¢â‚¬ . Connective tissue refers to clamber, facia, sinews, ligaments, joint capsules and musculus facia. Connective tissue can be farther discussed under ; intramuscular connective tissue and periarticular connective tissue. During the procedure of reorganization connective tissue has the inclination to shorten and go thick and fibrotic ( Houglum 2005 ) . ( Walsh et al 1989 ) found that connective tissue, ligaments specifically are influenced biomechanically, biochemically and morphologically by immobilisation. ( Noyes et al 1974 ) indicated that these influences on connective tissue are altered by 4 mechanisms: ( I ) changes in the synthesis and debasement equilibrium of collagen ( two ) alterations in collagen cross links ( three ) fluctuations in H2O and electrolyte content of connective tissue and ( four ) alterations in the alliance, figure and thickness of collagen fibers. Periarticular connective tissue: Composition of two constituents ; cells and extracellular matrix. Matrix is made up of collagen, elastin, reticulin and land substance. ( Donatelli & A ; Owens Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Burkhart 1981 ) stated alterations to the construction of connective tissue are straight related to joint stiffness therefore ensuing in restricted motion. He besides noted the importance of collagen within connective tissue, making greater tensile strength and stabilisation through increased fiber binding. The mechanical strength of collagen is due to hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine which histories for the increased fiber binding ( i.e. the cross Ã¢â‚¬â€œ links of next collagen fibers ) . As these fibers mature the intra and intermolecular bonds ( cross Ã¢â‚¬â€œ links ) rise in figure therefore supplying greater strength to the fibers. Within land substance glycoaminoglycans ( GAG ) binds with H2O making a semi fluid syrupy gel within which the collagen and fibrocytes are emb edded. The lubricator maintains a distance between the fibers, thereby allowing free glide of the fibers past each other and forestalling inordinate cross Ã¢â‚¬â€œ linking ( Donatelli & A ; Owens Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Burkhart 1981 ) . Land substance in connective tissue comes manus in manus with collagen with regard functional ability. ( Minns et al 1973 ) tested the importance of land substance in CT, through the usage of chelating agents and enzymes, what they found was a important lessening in stiffness, strength and other clip dependent belongingss in its absence. With immobilisation the production and lysis of collagen additions, it is besides believed that the loss of extensibility is non due to the volume of collagen deposited but from the country it is deposited it from ( Lederman ) . Furthermore a loss of GAG and H2O in the land substance consequences in fading of the extracellular matrix this cause Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs less separation and more cross Ã¢â‚¬â€œ nexus formation between collagen fiber s ( Woo et al 1981 ) . Post hurt, freshly formed fibrin and collagen fibers organize in a disorganised manner when immobilized. This reduces the entire tenseness strength of the tissue. Collagen fibres when aligned along the lines of mechanical emphasis produce their greatest strength. The importance of collagen alliance is apparent in the survey undertaken by ( Noyes et al 1974 ) ; he found a 39 per cent lessening in maximal failure of the anterior cruciate ligament in archpriest Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs station 8 hebdomads immobilisation. Intramuscular connective tissue: Normally composes of epimysium, perimysium and endomysium. These connective tissues play a large function towards the snap of skeletal musculus as the non Ã¢â‚¬â€œ contractile constituent. The extra binding of connective tissue to muscle cells preserves its dependability during contraction while guaranting close contact between the blood capillaries and nervousnesss within the skeletal musculus ( Jarvinen 2002 ) . Jozsa and co-workers found with immobilisation the degrees of endomysium and perimysium within the intramuscular connective tissue increased ensuing in separation of single musculus fibers, along with reduced degrees of blood capillaries and transverse sectional country of musculus fibers ( Jozsa et al 1988 ) . These connective tissues bind to muscle cells and conserves its unity during contraction and embracings blood capillaries and nervousnesss within the skeletal musculus to maintain them close attachment with each other. The accretion of endomysial and perimysial connective tissue may lend to the damage of intramuscular blood circulation, and the lessening in Numberss of capillaries may, in bend, lead to an addition in the sum of connective tissue, get downing a barbarous circle. These pronounced changes in the distribution, administration and architecture of the intramuscular collagen may eventually take to macroscopic loss of musculus extensibility and other tensile belongingss ( Jarvinen 1976, 1977 ) . Joint Immobilization: One of the chief utilizations of manual therapy is to bring forth elongation of the CT constructions that are abnormally keeping arthrokinematic gesture, through physiologic motions or accoutrement motions ( Maitland 2005 ) . Accessary motions ( joint drama and constituent of gesture ) are a type of inactive exercisings designed to re-establish joint drama through arthrokinematic gesture of ; axial rotation, slide, spin compaction and distraction. It Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs highlighted that Ã¢â‚¬Å" joint drama Ã¢â‚¬ is indispensable for the return of normal joint map ( Mennell, 1964 ) . The strength of the mobilisation techniques with rhythmic oscillatory motions normally is categorized harmonizing to the 5-grade categorization system of Maitland ( Vermeulen et al 2006 ) . In conformity with the 5 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ class system grade I and II performed toward the induction of accessible arthokinematic ROM intend to chiefly cut down degrees of hurting exposing analgetic effects, but non to stretch CT. ( 11 7 Kisner 25, 34 ) . While classs III and IV are chiefly employed as stretching tactics at terminal of available arthrokinematic ROM. Intending to stretch CT ( Threlkeld 1992 ) . Connective tissues have viscoelastic belongingss whereby distortion of its fibers consequences from a burden at changing rates, the elastic belongingss produce station mobilization kick with no alteration in length and the plastic belongingss result in lasting elongation ( Basmajian & A ; Nyberg 1993 ) , expressed through the emphasis Ã¢â‚¬â€œ strain curve as seen in figure 1. ( Threlkeld 1992 ) found it was through fictile distortion that the resting length of CT changed. However, this is merely possible due to microfailure of separate collagen fibres i.e. CT harm must happen through breakage of links linking bordering connective tissue packages so these broken fibers will non factor in the kick of the tissue therefore making a new length of the CT. Mobilization techniques that stretch collagen construction s into their fictile scope of distortion addition Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs the tissue Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs mobility ( Maitland 1991 ) . Owing to the amplitudes of classs III and IV within the restricting ROM sufficient mechanical alteration is at manus to work the viscoelasticity belongingss of CT to incite lasting elongation, diagrammatically seen in Figure 2. ( Randell et al 1992 ) investigated grip and semivowel techniques on the joint stiffness of 18 topics post 2 hebdomads immobilisation of metacarpal breaks. This intervention resulted in a ample addition in active ROM and lessening in joint stiffness compared to the control group supplying grounds of the effectivity of joint mobilisation in changing mechanics of an immobilized articulation. A 2nd survey undertaken by ( Landrum et al 2008 ) used a grade III oscillation motion in the betterment of ankle dorsiflexion in an AP way, which resulted in a ample recovery in ROM. Inactive Stretching: ( Kisner & A ; Colby 2005 ) attest that non-contractile soft tissues are known to give more readily to a low strength, continuously applied stretch force, as used in inactive stretch. Low strength stretching consequences in optimum rates of betterment in ROM without exposing tissues, perchance weakened by immobilisation, to inordinate tonss of potentially hurt. Inactive stretching is performed by puting musculuss at their greatest possible length and keeping that place for a period of clip ( Anderson & A ; Burke 1991 ) . Inactive stretching is applied to re-establish tissue snap and decrease the strain in the muscle-tendon unit with joint gesture. There are two physical belongingss associated with musculus tissue that have an influence on the musculus sinew unit, they are creep and stress relaxation. ( figure 3. ) , ( Cross & A ; Worrell 1999 ) During weirdo, the sustained prolongation of the tissue under uninterrupted burden means that reorientation of collagen fibers Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ and re distribution of H2O due to increasing overall strain in CT can originate, determined by the strain energy exposed to CT ( Purslow et al 1997 ) . This is typically low magnitudes within the elastic scope. Stress relaxation operates while the musculus Ã¢â‚¬â€œ sinew unit is put under stretch at a kept up length, following weirdo, a lessening in force to keep the length and decrease in tissue tenseness is observed. Harmonizing to ( Kisner & A ; Colby 2007 ) the recovery versus lasting elongation depends on the force and clip of the distortion ( plastic ) phase in the emphasis Ã¢â‚¬â€œ strain curve. Study undertaken by ( Talyor et al 1990 ) found through insistent stretching of musculus Ã¢â‚¬â€œ tendon units of the extensor digitorum longus in coneies to a uninterrupted length well lowered peak inactive tenseness. He advances this farther, proposing that stretching reduced the Ã¢â‚¬Å" viscousness and/or stiffness of musculus sinews units Ã¢â‚¬ , holding a considerable affect in increasing of articulation ROM. In relation to hysteresis, it is believed to be a strong arrow of viscousness nowadays in tissue therefore ; low degrees of hysteresis station inactive stretching can bespeak a diminution in viscousness. ( Kubo et al 2001 ) besides provided grounds that inactive stretching for 10 proceedingss significantly decreased the stiffness and hysteresis of tendon constructions in median gastrocnemius musculus. Compare and Contrast of Techniques: Both therapies have associated outcome steps yet their application, effects, and force applied to connective tissue varies when bring oning these favorable result steps. With regard the application of joint mobilisations, surveies differ somewhat with regard to the length of clip the oscillatory motions are applied, ( Randall et al 1992 ) intervention dosage comprised of two sets of 20 oscillations, at a rate of 1 oscillation per sec with a interruption of 30 seconds between each set. Relation to inactive stretching ( Bandy et al 1997 ) stated for effectual additions in flexibleness determined by increased articulatio genus extension ROM one must execute inactive stretches for 30 or 60 seconds one or three times per twenty-four hours for 5 yearss per hebdomad. High buoy uping the fact that joint mobilisation seem to be more practical and less clip devouring than its opposite number. Decision: In decision there is still no consensus sing which therapy is the most successful for handling alterations to connective tissue and decreased ROM of articulations post immobilisation. Nevertheless through the literature research grounds has shown that low and high class articulation mobilizations in isolation and in concurrence with other interventions i.e. inactive stretching are efficient in cut downing hurting in patients and increasing joint scope of gesture with joint immobilisation. Role of Radiographer:

Monday, September 16, 2019

The Origin of Rice Tagalog Version

Long ago, people did not plant crops or raise animals for food. They relied only on nature and their surroundings. They would live in places where they could find food. Some stayed in caves and lived on fruits and animal meat. Some stayed by river banks and the sea, so they could fish for their food. They would stay in a place until food got scarce and then move to another place where food was bountiful. The couple Bang and Danna belonged to a group who used to live near the sea. They were looking for a new place. A fierce storm had destroyed their houses near the sea. They feared the coming of another storm.Why do we always move our home? Ã¢â‚¬ Bang asked Danna. Ã¢â‚¬Å"l am tired of this kind of life. We cannot even have children because we keep moving. Ã¢â‚¬ Bang wanted to separate from the rest of the group and stay behind in a pleasant place. Ã¢â‚¬Å"l want to bear our child there. Ã¢â‚¬ Danna gave in to his wife's request. They chose a nice place in the mountains and built a simple house there. Their new home was tranquil and food was bountiful. Nearby was a clear stream where Danna caught many fish. But then came a drought. For a long time, no rain fell, and the earth dried up. Plants and trees died,and birds and animals and disappeared.Fish perished in the dried stream. Danna traveled far to look for food. But the drought was merciless. He traveled until he reached the next mountain. Still, he could not find food. Exhaustion caught up with Danna in the middle of a vast field. He lay among the grasses and fell asleep. Suddenly, the wind blew, and the grasses danced and sang. Danna woke up surprised. Danna listened to the song of the grasses. Ã¢â‚¬Å"We are the hope of the people, Danna. Gather our grains. Our grains are good food. Ã¢â‚¬ Danna noticed the head of the grains of the grasses. Each head was full of golden grains. He picked a grain and bit it.Pound our grains to remove their golden covers, Ã¢â‚¬ sang the grasses. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cook the white k ernels inside the grains to soften them. It is good food. Ã¢â‚¬ Danna gathered the grains until his bag was full and then hurriedly went home to Bang. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Now we have food,Ã¢â‚¬ he happily told Bang. He removed the golden covers of the grains, as the grasses had instructed him, cooked the grains, and then ate them. The next morning, Danna returned to the field, Ã¢â‚¬Å"plant our grains,Ã¢â‚¬ sang the grasses. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Plant them on land softened by rain. They will grow, and you will take care of them. When you harvest, save some grains to plant again.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Criminal Case Defense

When a person gets arrested for a crime, that person will remain a suspect until proven guilty otherwise in court. This person will then have the chance to avail himself with the best legal representation available. Ã¢â‚¬Å"A defense consists of evidence and arguments offered by a defendant and his or her attorney(s) to show why that person should not be held liable for a criminal chargeÃ¢â‚¬ (Schmalleger, 2010). Generally speaking, there are two types of defense: factual and legal. When talking about factual defense, this simply means that the defendant claims that there was no crime committed. An example of a factual defense is when the defendant claims that he or she was not in the crime scene, usually called an alibi or proof beyond reasonable doubt does not exist. There are two possible outcomes on a factual defense: acquittal or lesser punishment. A legal defense in contrast is when a defendant may confess to committing the crime but disagrees with his or her accountability because of a certain variable supporting the act such as mental incapacity or insanity. In a legal defense, factual guilt is immaterial for assertion and the defendant may defend his or her act with justifications, excuses or prove that constitutional rights or other laws have been violated by the government concerning evidence, relevant materials or witnesses about his or her case. A legal defense may have multiple outcomes such as acquittal, reduction in punishment, exclusion of evidence, exclusion of witnesses and more. There are two forms of legal defenses. The two forms of legal defenses are justifications, in which the defendant admits to committing the act in question but claims is was necessary in order to avoid some greater evil, and excuses, in which the defendant claims that some personal condition or circumstance at the time of the act was such that he or she should not be held accountable under the criminal lawÃ¢â‚¬ (Schmalleger, 2010). To better understand the two forms, an example of a justification is when a son is trapped in the neighbors tree house and the father has to trespass and possible destroy his neighbors property to let his son free. The fathers reason for trespassing someone elseÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s home and also damaging property is justifiable because his intention was to save his sons life. An example of an excuse is killing someone while sleep walking. The excused actor admits to doing harm but claims an absence of personal culpability. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Justifications and excuses are affirmative defenses, that is, they must be raised or asserted by the defendant independently of any claims made by the prosecutor. This is a variance from the general rule that places the burden of production and persuasion on the government. For affirmative defenses, defendants bear the burden of production, that is, they must assert the defense at the time required by law. Failure to raise an affirmative defense in a timely manner acts as a waiver of the defense. States vary about the burden of persuasion placed on the defendant. Some require the defendant to prove the defense; others shift the burden to the prosecution to disprove defenseÃ¢â‚¬ (Schmalleger, 2010). Many variables are included when the conduct in which the violated law may be justifiable. Six different defenses fall under justifications. Necessity for one is a justifiable defense to a criminal charge in which the defendant claims that it was necessary to commit some unlawful act in order to prevent greater evil or harm. If a man deemed that it was necessary to destroy windows in a burning house to vent the smoke and save victims in it from smoke inhalation and help them escape, he justifies his act on destruction of property to save lives and avoid harm. Another is self-defense simply means to defend oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s self from harm or threatening situations. To protect oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s self is a right and a natural response but has limitations. If an attacker for example punches a victim, the victim has the right to defend himself or stop the situation to progress by attacking the attacker as well until the threat is ended. In this example, if the threat was ended by the victim knocking the attacker unconscious and the victim is aware and still kept hitting the attacker until he dies is no longer self defense. If the threat no longer exists the victim should go away and call the authorities and let them handle the situation from there. In self defense, reasonable force must be presented when defending a case. When another person is being victimized and a person defends the victim from harm this defense is called defense of others or sometimes called defense of a third person. Defense of others always requires that the defender be free from fault and that he or she act to aid an innocent person who is in the process of being victimized. Defense of home and property also falls under justifications. Four situations which are protection of personal property, defense of home or habitation, defense of anotherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s property and use of mechanical device to protect property are justifiable means when using protection of property as a defense. In most jurisdictions, the owner of property can justifiably use reasonable non deadly force to prevent others from unlawfully taking or damaging that propertyÃ¢â‚¬ (Schmalleger, 2010). An example of unreasonable deadly force to protect property is shooting an unarmed trespasser but shooting while being robbed by an armed robber who has intent to kill is reasonable use of deadly force. The fifth defense that can be used as a justification is resisting unlawful arrest. This is a very sensitive case and requires factual and accurate evidence when resisting unlawful arrest from peace officers. Last defense to be covered under justifications is consent. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Consent is a justification offered as a defense to a criminal charge, that claims that the person suffering as injury either agreed to sustain the injury or accepted the possibility of injury before the activity was undertakenÃ¢â‚¬ (Schmalleger, 2010). In the remaining of this paper, the second major category of defenses which is Ã¢â‚¬Å"excusesÃ¢â‚¬ will be discussed followed by the analysis between the legal and medical perspectives on mental illness and insanity. In most cases, excuses are personal in nature. Defendants would claim that their actions were based on some disability or some abnormal condition such as intoxication, insanity or immaturity. There are several excuses recognized by law which includes: duress, intoxication, mistake, age, entrapment, insanity, diminished capacity and various syndromes to a limited degree. However, where a defendant suffers from a know disability, that disability alone is not sufficient to excuse him or her of criminal responsibility. Insanity and mental illness are probably two of the biggest issues and also hard to prove in court as an excuse. Many defendants throughout the years won a case using insanity and mental illness as an excuse. Some scientists and medical experts have been studying the human mind, and although the studies are far from complete and still difficult to fully understand, there are distinctions and differences concerning insanity and mental illness. On a medical perspective differentiating the two; Ã¢â‚¬Å"symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning ight be a mental illness and when symptoms cause distress even beyond scope of problems mental illness comes with it might be considered insanity in which the person is no longer responsible for his or her actionsÃ¢â‚¬ (Helium inc. , 2009). Insanity is a social and legal term rather that a medical one. Psychiatrists speak instead of mental disorders rather that use the term insanity which makes is difficult to fit into legal categories, either way, the legal concept of insanity has its basis in some disease of the mind. The lack of mens rea or showing that mens rea was present but accompanied by a mental disease of defect affects criminal liability in a case. In conclusion, a criminal defense consists of evidences and arguments offered in court by a defendant through an attorney to show why the defendant should not be held liable for crimes charged against him or her. There are many aspects in a criminal case defense a defendant needs to adhere to in order to prove innocence. Criminal defenses have two types and under legal defense, defenses may be built upon three bases which are alibis, justifications and excuses. Under excuses, insanity and mental illness was covered in a medical and legal perspective. In some jurisdictions due to the difficulties with assessing insanity from a legal perspective, insanity has been eliminated as an excuse in court in regards with a criminal charge. However defendants in all jurisdictions may still claim presence of mental disease at the time of the act which eliminates the mental culpability or mens rea needed for the criminal activity.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Compare and contrast India and ChinaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s population Essay

China and India are the two countries that have the highest population in the world. Both countries have realised that family planning and population control had to happen around the 1950Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s for India and the 1970Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s for China. This essay will seek to compare and contrast China and India, focusing on what the major problems facing both are, why have they both had to implement policies regarding population control, and the long-term and short-term effects that these policies have on the two countries. The major problem concerning China is over population. Due to overpopulation, the demand for energy to light every house and for petrol to fuel every car is becoming too great. With added pressure of providing for the people, more natural resources and fossil fuels are used up. There is also a shortage of jobs. China has a population of 1.31 billion people. In 2003, the total of number of unemployed people in China was 744,320,000. The World Bank said that the total unemployment level was close to 10%, though that is only the number of people who are registered as unemployed. The real figure would be substantially greater. China is faced with, because of overpopulation, lack of space. Approximately 137 people live on each square kilometre of ChinaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s territory, China ranking 71st on the worlds list of the countries with the highest population densities. The world average is 43 people per square kilometre, making China three times the average figure. Also a pressing issue is the state of poverty in China, (due to the recent focus on a new type of capitalism, there are marked contrasts between rich and poor). The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation states that there is ample food to feed the population. The problem lies then in how effectively the food is distributed. There is also a severe lack of adequate education. In recent years, literacy rates have drastically decreased. Illiteracy for persons aged 15 and over for 1990 was 22.2% and for 2000 it was 8.7%. In 1964 the illiteracy rates for college and university were 0.5%, and in 1990 they were 1.6%. Read Also:Ã‚ Good Topics for a Compare and Contrast Essay India faces much the same problems, though as the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s largest democracy (population-wise); the way that the government goes about everyday things is quite different. Contrary to ChinaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s system of Ã¢â‚¬ËœequallyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ dividing wages and food, the Indian population have to work for themselves. As with China, India is suffering the brunt of overpopulation, shortage of jobs, lessening of natural resources, decreasing literacy rates, and a populationÃ‚ density level rivalling ChinaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s. After the Chinese Cultural Revolution, once Mao Zedong had assumed power, he introduced a Five Year Plan that ran from 1958-1963 which was known as The Great Leap Forward. This vision failed and resulted in widespread starvation, being the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s worst man-made famine. The death toll is estimated 30 million. MaoÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s following philosophy was that Ã¢â‚¬Å"the more people, the stronger we areÃ¢â‚¬ . Families were encouraged to have as many children as possible, and an uncontrolled population boom resulted. China did not have the economy or the resources to support such a large population. Once MaoÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s reign finished, the new chairman, Den Xiaoping, introduced Ã¢â‚¬Å"birth planningÃ¢â‚¬ to China, launching the law which stated that there can only be one child per couple, with some exceptions, such as if the first child was disabled and/or a girl, or if the couple lived in a rural area. This policy has been implemented in several ways. Incentives for only having one child occur, such as free education, better health care, and promotions at work and bigger houses. On the flip side, disincentives occur for people who are adamant on having more than one child. Such disincentives include demotions and fines, which can be four times a yearly wage. Forced sterilizations and mandatory abortions occur, in some cases as late as 8 months gestation. Since China is a communist country, community pressure is strong, not only pressure from the community but also pressure from the government. This pressure makes having one child seem to be a better option. National advertising campaigns encouraging the Ã¢â‚¬Å"one child policyÃ¢â‚¬ are commonplace. Around the 1950s, India was the first country to officially establish a family planning program. This program made birth control information to become more readably available. IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s government saw big families leading to continued poverty, and poverty hindering economic progress. Just as with China, India saw foresaw that the country would not be able to feed the masses of people, and the country would eventually use up all of its resources and the population would ultimately breed themselves out of existence. Up until the 1970Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s, the government used no aggressive force to promote the use of contraceptives or sterilisations. They increased medical care and access to hospitals, and provided education for family planning. InÃ‚ the 1970Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s the government declared India to be in a Ã¢â‚¬Å"state of emergencyÃ¢â‚¬ . Medical workers went out into the slums and poorer regions of India and forcibly sterilised women. The medics were rewarded for how many women they were able to sterilise. An effect that the one child policy has had on China is the improvement of the economy. When there was a larger population than there is now, the economy was suffering. Since the one child policy has had time to take effect, the population has shrunk and the economy can support the population. A negative effect that this policy has had on the Population is that there is an uneven balance of boys and girls. Female infanticide is more frequent, as are female abortions, because it is the common thought that males and prized more highly than females. Another problem faced is the Ã¢â‚¬Å"little emperorÃ¢â‚¬ generation. This generation is comprised of spoiled children that their parents have over-indulged. It is worried that this generation will have poor social communication and cooperation skills since they are the only child at home. There is also the Ã¢â‚¬Å"One-Two-FourÃ¢â‚¬ problem. This long-term effect says that one adult child supports two parents and four grandparents. This leaves the largest group dependant on retirement funds, the state of the family for support. To combat this problem, a couple who are both only children are allowed to have two children. The Indian population may have recognised the seriousness of their actions on the environment and their economy, but they can still do more. The government should follow ChinaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s suit, put their foot down and make a laws about having one child per couple. It would be fair to say that India does not have a law, just advice. So far, the countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s policies have seemed to been ineffective. In the next halve a century, India will have overtaken China is the population ladder and it may seem like there is no stopping it. Actually, IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s rate of population is dropping. In 1991 IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s annual population growth rate was 2.15% and by 1997 this figure dropped to 1.7%. This means that India is actually making progress in population control. India and China are similar in their preference for sons, and it is so deeply ingrained in their culture that it is impossible to remove. Sons are moreÃ‚ highly regarded because not only do they help working on the family farm, but they support their parents in their old age. Similar views are held by the Chinese, where sons are considered luckier than daughters. In Chinese culture, the sons take care of his parents in their old age and the daughter looks after her in-laws in their old age. Since there is such a desire to have sons, similarly to China, the Indian population has a lack of females. Slightly higher female infant mortality rates are due to abortions of female foetuses, and female infanticide. The main difference between India and China is that India is the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s largest Democratic country, whereas China is the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s largest Communist country. Through looking at what the government has tried to do with controlling the birth rate, it is clear that China is much more effective on account of they are a communist country and that effects how they can go to any lengths without having the fear of losing popularity for since it is a communist country, there is no voting. India on the other hand cannot use as much force because the government has to be voted in by the people. In conclusion, China, as the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s largest communist country, is able to enforce forced sterilization, and forced abortions, without fear of being voted out or losing popularity. This, in a way is more effective than India, whose democratic approach is ineffective because it is not enforced as strictly. If China had of continued under MaoÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s philosophy of Ã¢â‚¬Å"the more people, the stronger we areÃ¢â‚¬ , and had not put in place population control, China would have used up all of their natural resources and would not have been able to support their crippling population. So is the same with India. If India continues to grow at the rate that it has been growing, India will suffer environmentally and economically. India is similar to China in their few that sons are better than daughters, and female infanticide and female abortion. Bibliography: http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/nov2001/421.pdfhttp://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/ho.htmhttp://countrystudies.us/india/34.htmhttp://www.columbia.edu/~bcp26/web-pages/consequences.htmlhttp://www.colby.edu/personal/t/thtieten/Famplan.htmÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ChinaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991 edn, , Cambridge, vol. 15th, pp. 36.